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科普中国 | 本词条由中国科学院大学生命科学学院、中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园参与编辑并审核，经科普中国·科学百科认证
苹果，学名Malus pumila Mill.，别称西洋苹果、柰，属于蔷薇科苹果属的植物[1][2]。苹果是全球最广泛种植和销售的水果之一，具有悠久的栽培历史和广泛的分布范围。苹果的原始种群主要起源于中亚的天山山脉附近，尤其是现代哈萨克斯坦的阿拉木图地区，提供了所有现代苹果品种的基因库。苹果通过早期的贸易路线，如丝绸之路，从中亚向外扩散到全球各地。[3]
苹果树是乔木类植物，高度可达15米，展现出一个圆形的树冠配合较短的主干。苹果的叶片有椭圆形、宽椭圆形，边缘装饰有圆钝的锯齿。种植于北半球的苹果花期在5月，果期则从7月延续至10月。苹果适应多种气候条件，能够在南北纬35度到50度之间的气候环境中生长，需要接收到1000至1600单位的热量，并且需要120至180天的无霜期来保证果实成熟。[4]
在栽培技术方面，苹果树通过嫁接、压条、播种和组织培养等多种繁殖技术进行繁殖。嫁接是最常用且最有效的方法，可以确保新植株保持母树的所有特性。[5]苹果园的建设应选择土层深厚、光照充足、远离污染源的地方，适宜的栽培管理包括合理的修剪、水肥管理和疏花疏果等，以促进苹果健康生长，提高其产量与品质。[6][7][8]
苹果富含胡萝卜素、维生素C、矿物质（如钾、磷、镁、钙）以及膳食纤维等，对人体健康具有诸多益处，如保护视力、预防心血管疾病、促进肠道蠕动等。此外，苹果还含有多酚类物质，具有延缓衰老、防癌、提高免疫力等功效。[11]
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中文名
苹果
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拉丁学名
Malus pumila Mill.
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别名
西洋苹果、柰、奈[1]
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国际濒危等级
无危(LC)
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界
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门
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纲
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目
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科
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属
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种
苹果
植物学史
命名由来
中国土生苹果属植物在古代又称“柰”或“林檎”。李时珍说：“柰与林檎，一类二种也，树实皆似林檎而大。有白、赤、青三色，白者为素柰，赤者为丹柰，青者为绿柰”和“林檎，即柰之小而圆者，其类有金林檎、红林檎、水林檎、蜜林檎、黑林檎，皆以色味立名。”。而《食性本草》中亦有说“林檎有三种，大长者为柰，圆者林檎，小者味涩为梣。”受中华文化影响，日语中的“林檎”即为苹果。
[12]
明朝万历年间的农书《群芳谱·果谱》中，有“苹果”词条，称：“苹果，出北地，燕赵者尤佳。接用林檎体。树身耸直，叶青，似林檎而大，果如梨而圆滑。生青，熟则半红半白，或全红，光洁可爱玩，香闻数步。味甘松，未熟者食如棉絮，过熟又沙烂不堪食，惟八九分熟者最佳”。许多中国农学史、果树史专家认为这是汉语中最早使用“苹果”一词。
“苹果”一词在中国的普及，也受到了外来文化的影响，“苹果”一词源于梵语，为古印度佛经中所说的一种水果，最早被称为“频婆”，后被汉语借用其名称引入中国。在接受过程中，汉语根据该果的特征和自身语言习惯形成了“苹果”这一名称。[13]
“苹果”这一名称的形成和普及是一个复杂的过程，涉及语言演变、文化交流以及农业传播。随着时间的推移和文化的互动，“苹果”已经成为现代汉语中一个普遍接受和广泛使用的词汇。
栽培历史
苹果的原始种群现认为主要起源于中亚的天山山脉附近，特别是在现代哈萨克斯坦的阿拉木图地区。这一地带的野生苹果种（Malus sieversii）为所有现代苹果品种提供了基因库。从这些野生种开始，苹果的旅程遍及全球，成为目前最受欢迎的水果之一。
苹果是哈萨克斯坦的阿拉木图当地森林的主要建群种。阿拉木图在当地语言中就是“苹果之城”的意思，阿拉木图位于古代重要商路上，丝绸之路就经过该地。苹果通过早期的丝绸之路等贸易路线从中亚向外扩散。它们首先抵达古代中国，随后传入波斯，最终影响到了古希腊和罗马。据推测，古代商人经过阿拉木图沿途捡食熟落的苹果，并将种子传往沿途各地，逐渐在古罗马时期开始了苹果的人工栽培过程，苹果也因此在欧洲扩展开来。[3]
参考资料
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[1] 苹果 Malus pumila|iPlant 植物智——植物物种信息系统．iPlant 植物智 [引用日期2025-02-02]
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[2] Malus pumila | 中国珍稀濒危植物信息系统．中国珍稀濒危植物信息系统 [引用日期2024-12-02]
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[3] 王俊杰.美国苹果简史及其启示[J].甘肃林业科技,2012,37(04):4-10.
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[4] 赵广顺.苹果树怎样利用各类嫁接技术“改头换面”[J].果农之友,2023(03):17-19.
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[5] 李惠英.浅谈红富士苹果树嫁接及回缩修剪新技术的应用[J].花卉,2018,(18):312-313.
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[6] 杜义英,李军虎,王丽君等.苹果优质高产栽培技术[J].种子世界,2010(02):52-53.
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[7] 毛红荣,王秀英.优质苹果无公害栽培技术[J].中国果菜,2008(01):25.
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[8] 王玉玲.苹果优质高效栽培技术[J].河北果树,2010(02):8-9+13
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[9] 唐丽.苹果树栽培及病虫害防治技术要点分析[J].河北农机,2023(17):121.
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[10] 年产4757.18万吨！中国苹果产量稳居世界第一．央广网 [引用日期2024-12-02]
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[11] 戚飞. 三种灌溉方式对苹果食用及营养品质的影响[D].西北农林科技大学,2019.
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[12] 宣景宏,吕德国,王昭.苹果称谓的探究和辽宁苹果的栽培历史[C]//中国园艺学会果树专业委员会.第四届全国果树种质资源研究与开发利用学术研讨会论文汇编.沈阳农业大学园艺学院;辽宁省果蚕管理总站;,2010:5.
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[13] 马健鹰.中国饮食文化史[M].复旦大学出版社:201105.149.
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[14] 黎晔.国外苹果的栽培历史、现状与动向[J].青海农林科技,1984(01):74-80.
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[15] 张明,张国栋,李贵美.鲁西平原地区苹果栽培历史、现状、问题及展望[J].落叶果树,2023,55(02):37-40.
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[16] 王勇.苹果病害虫及防治方法[J].农技服务,2014,31(05):97.
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[17] 康林,曹引婷.苹果褐斑病防治时机预判与药剂防控建议[J].西北园艺,2023,(06):22-23.
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[18] 姜莉,项颖颖,张鹰,等.浅谈苹果斑点落叶病的发生与防治措施[J].果农之友,2023,(09):64-66.
- 词条目录
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- 百科名片
- 植物学史
- 命名由来
- 栽培历史
- 形态特征
- 分布范围
- 生长习性
- 繁殖技术
- 栽培技术
- 建园
- 合理修剪
- 合理水肥
- 授粉
- 疏花疏果
- 果实套袋
- 适时采收
- 病虫害防治
- 褐斑病防治
- 斑点落叶病防治
- 溃烂病防治
- 保护现状
- 产量
- 主要价值
