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A full stop (UK) or period (US) is a dot (. ) that signals the end of a sentence. It is also used to show the presence of an abbreviation in American English.
Full Stop / Period (.)
What is a full stop?
The full stop signals that one sentence has endedand another is about to begin. It is used for what are known as declarative sentences—sentences that make a simple statement without emphasis (shown by the exclamation point“!“)or that ask a question (shown by the question mark“?”).
In American Englishthe period is used to indicate an abbreviationbut in British English this is often omitted.
American vs. British English
In American Englishthe full stop is most often called a period. Besides the difference in namethere are only subtle differences in the usage of the full stop or period. For exampleindividuals from the United Kingdom are much more likely to write their country in its abbreviated form as ‘UK’. In the United Stateshoweverit is much more likely to be written as ‘U.S.A.’.
In a similar veinAmerican English is much more likely to write somebody’s title with a period following itsuch as ‘Mr. Jones’ but in British Englishit is much more likely to see it written as ‘Mr Jones’. Besides these subtle differences thoughthe period or full stop are used in very similar waysespecially in declarative sentences.
Key Points to Remember
We should always use periods or full stops at the end of sentences that simply make a statement. If you wish to show emphasis or excitementthen an exclamation point should be used. If the sentence is a questionthen we should use a question mark. Rememberthese three punctuation marks are the only way to end a sentenceso if you know how to use all three of them correctlyyou won’t go far wrong.
When to Use a Full Stop
For Declarative Sentences
Againa declarative sentence simply makes a statement. Unless you are using another specific sentence type (more on that later) then you’re probably using a declarative sentence and a full stop should be used. Here are some examples:
- I like chocolate.
- Tim’s favorite color is blue.
- The wedding will take place next Friday.
- We ran out of gas on the highway.
- It’s time to eat.
- Although I love herI decided to break up with her.
- The Toyota Camry is one of the best-selling cars in the world.
- Children love to watch the elephants at the zoo.
After Titles
Remember thoughthis is common in American Englishbut much less so in British English. Here are some more examples:
- Mr. Richards was a kind man.
- Dr. Martin was always honest.
- Mrs. Smith was a powerful boss.
As A Decimal Point
We also use full stops as a decimal point in numbers when we are trying to show a number with a decimal. For example:
- He won 1.3 million dollars on the lotto.
- Sales were up 13.5% on last year.
- Hot days are 1.5x more likely in winter nowcompared to a decade ago.
For Abbreviation
When we shorten words or abbreviate themwe most often use full stops to show that we are omitting some letters within a word. We’ve already discussed the differences in British and American English (UK vs U.S.A.) but there are some situations that abbreviations and full stops are used in both countries. For example:
- etc.
- i.e.
- e.g.
- A 32-oz. bottle of motorcycle oil will last a long time.
- Bring me a 50-lb. box of cat litter.
- Distances from here: Boston20 mi.New York170 mi.
- Total running time of the film: 2 hrs.
- Douglas Fairbanks Jr. was one of the popular stars of the silent film era.
How to use the full stop with quotation marks
In American Englishif you’re using quotation marks to show a quotationput the period inside the closing quotation mark.
- As Jared told me“You’ll never finish the job if you insist on doing it that way.“
- John F. Kennedy said“The torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans.“
In British Englishthe period goes outside the closing quotation mark.
- She said“Meet me at Piccadilly Circus“.
- The most famous speech in Shakespeare’s plays begins with the words “To be or not to be“.
When Not to Use a Full Stop
The only reason that you shouldn’t use a full stop is when another punctuation mark better shows the tone of the sentence. Remember earlier when we said unless you were using another sentence typeyou were probably using a declarative sentence and should therefore use a full stop. Wellhere are some other sentence types which should end in different punctuation marks.
Questions
Questions should always be finished with a question mark. You may also use question marks to show surprise or uncertainty at the end of a statementbut this is done stylistically for tone. Here are the two ways in which a question mark should end the sentence rather than a full stop:
- What time should we expect you? – This is a direct questionso we should use a question mark.
- She said that? – This isn’t a question in the strictest sensebut by placing a question mark here you are showing disbelief and uncertainty. The way a reader approaches this sentence will very much depend on the context surrounding it.
Exclamations
When we use exclamationswe should use an exclamation point. We use exclamation points to show excitement or emphasis. Exclamation points should be used sparingly within a text or else they lose some of their value. Here are some examples of when an exclamation point might be a better choice than a full stop:
- I can’t believe you’re finally here!
- Wow! You’re new hair looks amazing. – Notice here how we only used an exclamation point after ‘wow’. Whilst the excitement is still clear in the second sentencewe use a period instead. Againoverusing exclamation points can make a piece seem unprofessionalso be wary of that.
A full stopquestion markand exclamation point are the only three punctuation marks that should end a sentence. Decide which one better suits the sentence you have written and you’ll be fine.
Common Mistakes with Full Stops
Periods and Quotation Marks
If we are using quotation marks in a piecepeople can mistakenly place the period in the wrong position. In the following exampleswe’ll show you some common mistakes and then show you the correct way to write it:
- Incorrect: “I’m so tired.” She said.
- Correct: “I’m so tired,” she said.
Even though the statement is complete within the quotation markswe only use a period at the end of the complete sentence. Try reading the first option aboveplacing an emphasized pause on the period in the quotation marks. Notice how awkward it is to read? That is why when a quotation comes before the rest of the sentencewe use a comma and then a period at the end of the complete sentence. But what if the quotation mark comes last?
- Incorrect: She said“I’m tired“.
- Correct: She said“I’m tired.“
In this casethe period should always come inside the quotation marks when the quote is ending the sentence.
Periods and Parentheses
Similarlypeople make mistakes with parentheses and periods too. We’ll show you the common mistakes and the correct way to write them below:
- Incorrect: Joe was excited to cook dinner (although he was scared about the fish.)
- Correct: Joe was excited to cook dinner (although he was scared about the fish).
When the parentheses do not encompass the entire sentencewe should place the period outside the parentheses. But what about when the entire sentence is within the parentheses?
- Incorrect: Joe was excited to cook dinner. (Although he was scared about the fish).
- Correct: Joe was excited to cook dinner. (Although he was scared about the fish.)
When the parentheses do encompass the entire sentencewe should place the period within the parentheses.
More Examples of Using Periods in Sentences
At the end of a declarative sentence.
Examples:
- There is no place like home.
- Love makes the world go round.
- He wanted them to jump to it.
- Your writing is hard to read.
- Take the world as it is.
After titles in American English.
Examples:
- Mr.Mrs.Dr.Sr.Jr.…
Example sentences:
- He owes a lot of money to Mr. Smith.
- Dr. Smith instructs us in botany.
In numbers.
- Retail sales fell by 1.3% in January.
- The average price of goods rose by just 2.2%.
Following an abbreviation.
Examples:
- approx.: Approximately
- etc.: And so on
- i.e.: That isthat meansin other words
- govt.: Government
- adm.: Administration
Example sentences:
- They were arrested on Jun. 201980.
- We are mutual friendsenemiesetc.
- The price must be more realistic, i.e. lower.
Showing the end of an unconventional sentence.
- He was not allowed to do that. Not while he was the leader of the group.
Full Stop vs. Exclamation Mark vs. Question Mark
Learn the differences between a full stopa question markand an exclamation mark in English with rules and examples.
Full Stop Quiz
Questions
Belowwe’ll test your new knowledge of full stops. Decide whether the following sentences are correct or incorrect and then decide how you would write them correctly if you think they are incorrect:
- Do you think we can make it on time.
- Daniel was getting worried (it was already dark).
- The water was cold.
Answers
1.Incorrect. The sentence is not a declarationbut a questionso a different punctuation mark should end the sentence.
Do you think we can make it on time?
2. Correct. When parentheses do not encompass the entire sentencewe should place a period outside the parentheses.
3. Correct. A simple declarative sentence that just makes a statement should always be finished with a full stop.
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