Galápagos Islands

Brief synthesis

The Galapagos Islands area situated in the Pacific Ocean some 1,000 km from the Ecuadorian coast. This archipelago and its immense marine reserve is known as the unique ‘living museum and showcase of evolution’. Its geographical location at the confluence of three ocean currents makes it one of the richest marine ecosystems in the world. Ongoing seismic and volcanic activity reflects the processes that formed the islands. These processestogether with the extreme isolation of the islandsled to the development of unusual plant and animal life – such as marine iguanasflightless cormorantsgiant tortoiseshuge cactiendemic trees and the many different subspecies of mockingbirds and finches – all of which inspired Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection following his visit in 1835.

Criterion vii: The Galapagos Marine Reserve is an underwater wildlife spectacle with abundant life ranging from corals to sharks to penguins to marine mammals. No other site in the world can offer the experience of diving with such a diversity of marine life forms that are so familiar with human beingsthat they accompany divers. The diversity of underwater geomorphological forms is an added value to the site producing a unique displaywhich cannot be found anywhere else in the world.

Criterion viii: The archipelago´s geology begins at the sea floor and emerges above sea level where biological processes continue.. Three major tectonic plates—NazcaCocos and Pacific— meet at the basis of the oceanwhich is of significant geological interest. In comparison with most oceanic archipelagosthe Galapagos are very young with the largest and youngest islandsIsabela and Fernandinawith less than one million years of existenceand the oldest islandsEspañola and San Cristóbalsomewhere between three to five million years. The site demonstrates the evolution of the younger volcanic areas in the west and the older islands in the east. On-going geological and geomorphological processesincluding recent volcanic eruptionssmall seismic movementsand erosion provide key insights to the puzzle of the origin of the Galapagos Islands. Almost no other site in the world offers protection of such a complete continuum of geological and geomorphological features.

Criterion ix: The origin of the flora and fauna of the Galapagos has been of great interest to people ever since the publication of the “Voyage of the Beagle” by Charles Darwin in 1839. The islands constitute an almost unique example of how ecologicalevolutionary and biogeographic processes influence the flora and fauna on both specific islands as well as the entire archipelago. Darwin’s finchesmockingbirdsland snailsgiant tortoises and a number of plant and insect groups represent some of the best examples of adaptive radiation which still continues today. Likewisethe Marine Reservesituated at the confluence of 3 major eastern Pacific currents and influenced by climatic phenomena such as El Niñohas had major evolutionary consequences and provides important clues about species evolution under changing conditions. The direct dependence on the sea for much of the island’s wildlife (e.g. seabirdsmarine iguanassea lions) is abundantly evident and provides an inseparable link between the terrestrial and marine worlds.

Criterion x: The islands have relatively high species diversity for such young oceanic islandsand contain emblematic taxa such as giant tortoises and land iguanasthe most northerly species of penguin in the worldflightless cormorants as well as the historically important Darwin’s finches and Galapagos mockingbirds. Endemic flora such as the giant daisy trees Scalesia spp. and many other genera have also radiated on the islandspart of a native flora including about 500 vascular plant species of which about 180 are endemic. Examples of endemic and threatened species include 12 native terrestrial mammal species (11 endemicwith 10 threatened or extinct) and 36 reptile species (all endemic and most considered threatened or extinct)including the only marine iguana in the world. Likewise the marine fauna has an unusually high level of diversity and endemismwith 2,909 marine species identified with 18.2% endemism. High profile marine species include sharkswhale sharksrays and cetaceans. The interactions between the marine and terrestrial biotas (e.g. sea lionsmarine and terrestrial iguanasand seabirds) are also exceptional. Recent exploration of deep sea communities continues to produce new additions to science.

Integrity

The Galapagos archipelago is located about 1,000 km from continental Ecuador and is composed of 127 islandsislets and rocksof which 19 are large and 4are inhabited. 97% of the total emerged surface (7,665,100 ha) was declared National Park in 1959. Human settlements are restricted to the remaining 3% in specifically zoned rural and urban areas on four islands (a fifth island only has an airporttourism dockfuel containmentand military facilities). The islands are surrounded by the Galapagos Marine Reserve which was created in 1986 (70,000 km²) and extended to its current area (133,000 km²) in 1998making it one of the largest marine reserves in the world. The marine reserve includes inland waters of the archipelago (50,100 km²) in addition to all those contained within 40 nautical milesmeasured from the outermost coastal islands. Airports on two islands (Baltra and San Cristobal) receive traffic from continental Ecuador with another airport on Isabela mostly limited to inter-island traffic. All the inhabited islands have ports to receive merchandise. The other uninhabited islands are strictly controlled with carefully planned tourist itineraries limiting visitation. Around 30,000 people live on the islandsand approximately 170,000 tourists visit the islands each year.

Protection and management requirements

The main threats to the Galapagos are the introduction of invasive speciesincreased tourismdemographic growthillegal fishing and governance issues (i.e. who takes responsibility for decisions given the large number of stakeholders with conflicting interests involved in managing the islands). These issues are constantly analyzed and monitored to adequately manage them and reinforce strategies to minimize their impact.

In 1986 a law was passed to control fishing and over-exploitation of Galapagos marine resources. Protection was further strengthened by the “Special Regime Law for the Conservation and Sustainable Development in the Province of the Galapagos” of 1998and inscribed in the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador. This law designated the current Galapagos Marine Reserve as a protected area under the responsibility of the Galapagos National Park Service. Among other issuesit provides the specific legal framework over which many aspects of island life are to be regulatedincluding provincial planning; inspection and quarantine measures; fisheries management; control and marine monitoring; residency and migration of people to the islands; tourism through a visitor management systempermits and quotas; agriculture; waste management; and “total control” of introduced species. This management imposes some limitations on the exercise of the rights of people living in this geographical areabut also provides them with preferential rights to use the natural resources sustainably. Within this framework the Galapagos National Park Service has periodically prepared Management Plans since 1974 to datewhich have been developed in a participatory manner among the different social and economic groups through community representatives and local authorities to address the changing realities of the Galapagos ecosystem. This includes tools for development and conservation management of natural resources in harmony with international standards. For examplea zoning system has been implemented to establish areas of sustainable use and areas prohibited to the local population. Governmental institutions contribute to the funding of conservation and management in the archipelago. Other support comes from the entry fee paid by tourists and a small percentage from international donations.