Mongolia - SoulBook

Capital

Ulaanbaatar

Population

3,281,676 (2024 est.)

Area

1,564,116 sq km

Location

Northern Asiabetween China and Russia

🧭 Background

The peoples of Mongolia have a long history under a number of nomadic empires dating back to the Xiongnu in the 4th century B.C.and the name Mongol goes back to at least the 11th century A.D. The most famous MongolTEMÜÜJIN (aka Genghis Khan)emerged as the ruler of all Mongols in the early 1200s. By the time of his death in 1227he had created through conquest a Mongol Empire that extended across much of Eurasia. His descendantsincluding ÖGÖDEI and KHUBILAI (aka Kublai Khan)continued to conquer Eastern Europethe Middle Eastand the rest of Chinawhere KHUBILAI established the Yuan Dynasty in the 1270s. The Mongols attempted to invade Japan and Java before their empire broke apart in the 14th century. In the 17th centuryMongolia fell under the rule of the Manchus of the Chinese Qing Dynasty. After Manchu rule collapsed in 1911Mongolia declared independencefinally winning it in 1921 with help from the Soviet Union. Mongolia became a socialist state (the Mongolian People’s Republic) in 1924. Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989Mongolia was a Soviet satellite state and relied heavily on economicmilitaryand political assistance from Moscow. The period was also marked by purgespolitical repressioneconomic stagnationand tensions with China. Mongolia peacefully transitioned to an independent democracy in 1990. In 1992it adopted a new constitution and established a free-market economy. Since the country's transitionit has conducted a series of successful presidential and legislative elections. Throughout the periodthe ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party -- which took the name Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) in 2010 -- has competed for political power with the Democratic Party and several other smaller parties. For most of its democratic historyMongolia has had a divided governmentwith the presidency and the parliamentary majority held by different parties but that changed in 2021when the MPP won the presidency after having secured a supermajority in parliament in 2020. Mongolia’s June 2021 presidential election delivered a decisive victory for MPP candidate Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH. Mongolia maintains close culturalpoliticaland military ties with Russiawhile China is its largest economic partner. Mongolia’s foreign relations are focused on preserving its autonomy by balancing relations with China and Russiaas well as its other major partnersJapanSouth Koreaand the US.

🗺️ Geography

Location

Northern Asiabetween China and Russia

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N105 00 E

Map references

Asia

Area — total

1,564,116 sq km

Area — land

1,553,556 sq km

Area — water

10,560 sq km

Area - comparative

Slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries — total

8,082 km

Land boundaries — border countries

China 4,630 km; Russia 3,452 km

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims

None (landlocked)

Climate

Desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Terrain

Vast semidesert and desert plainsgrassy steppemountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Elevation — highest point

Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m

Elevation — lowest point

Hoh Nuur 560 m

Elevation — mean elevation

1,528 m

Natural resources

Oilcoalcoppermolybdenumtungstenphosphatestinnickelzincfluorspargoldsilveriron

Land use — agricultural land

69% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: arable land

Arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent crops

Permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent pasture

Permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.)

Land use — forest

9.1% (2023 est.)

Land use — other

21.9% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

796 sq km (2022)

Major lakes (area sq km) — fresh water lake(s)

Hovsgol Nuur - 2,620 sq km; Har Us Nuur - 1,760 sq km;

Major lakes (area sq km) — salt water lake(s)

Uvs Nuur - 3,350 sq km; Hyargas Nuur - 1,360 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Amur (shared with China [s] and Russia [m]) - 4,444 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Population distribution

Population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities

Natural hazards

Dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Geography - note

Landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

👥 People and Society⬆️ Top

Population — total

3,281,676 (2024 est.)

Population — male

1,595,596

Population — female

1,686,080

Nationality — noun

Mongolian(s)

Nationality — adjective

Mongolian

Ethnic groups

Khalkh 83.8%Kazak 3.8%Durvud 2.6%Bayad 2%Buriad 1.4%Zakhchin 1.2%Dariganga 1.1%other 4.1% (2020 est.)

Languages — Languages

Mongolian 90% (officialKhalkha dialect is predominant)TurkicRussian (1999)

Languages — major-language sample(s)

Дэлхийн баримтат номүндсэн мэдээллийн зайлшгүй эх сурвалж. (Mongolian) The World Factbookthe indispensable source for basic information.

Religions

Buddhist 51.8%no religion 40.6%Muslim 3.2%Shaman 2.5%Christian 1.3%Other 0.6% (2020 est.)

Age structure — 0-14 years

25.7% (male 429,867/female 412,943)

Age structure — 15-64 years

68.4% (male 1,087,487/female 1,156,547)

Age structure — 65 years and over

5.9% (2024 est.) (male 78,242/female 116,590)

Dependency ratios — total dependency ratio

59.1 (2024 est.)

Dependency ratios — youth dependency ratio

50.2 (2024 est.)

Dependency ratios — elderly dependency ratio

8.9 (2024 est.)

Dependency ratios — potential support ratio

11.2 (2024 est.)

Median age — total

28.8 years (2025 est.)

Median age — male

30.1 years

Median age — female

32.8 years

Population growth rate

1.08% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

18.01 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

-1.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

Population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities

Urbanization — urban population

69.1% of total population (2023)

Urbanization — rate of urbanization

1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

1.673 million ULAANBAATAR (capital) (2023)

Sex ratio — at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 15-64 years

0.94 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — 65 years and over

0.67 male(s)/female

Sex ratio — total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

20.5 years (2008 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

41 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate — total

8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Infant mortality rate — male

22.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate — female

16.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth — total population

71.9 years (2024 est.)

Life expectancy at birth — male

67.8 years

Life expectancy at birth — female

76.3 years

Total fertility rate

2.6 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

1.27 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: urban

Urban: 94.2% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: rural

Rural: 59.7% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — improved: total

Total: 83.5% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: urban

Urban: 5.8% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: rural

Rural: 40.3% of population (2022 est.)

Drinking water source — unimproved: total

Total: 16.5% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure — Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

6.9% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure — Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

9.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

4.13 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Hospital bed density

10.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: urban

Urban: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: rural

Rural: 78.7% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — improved: total

Total: 91.9% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: urban

Urban: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: rural

Rural: 21.3% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access — unimproved: total

Total: 8.1% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

20.6% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita — total

5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — beer

2.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — wine

1.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — spirits

1.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita — other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use — total

28.9% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use — male

51.9% (2025 est.)

Tobacco use — female

7.2% (2025 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.9% (2023 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

60.2% (2020 est.)

Child marriage — women married by age 15

0.9% (2018)

Child marriage — women married by age 18

12% (2018)

Child marriage — men married by age 18

2.1% (2018)

Education expenditure — Education expenditure (% GDP)

3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure — Education expenditure (% national budget)

13.8% national budget (2024 est.)

Literacy — total population

98.6% (2023 est.)

Literacy — male

98.3% (2023 est.)

Literacy — female

98.9% (2023 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — total

14 years (2023 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — male

13 years (2023 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) — female

14 years (2023 est.)

🌿 Environment⬆️ Top

Environmental issues

Limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; air pollution from coal-burning power plants and lax regulations in Ulaanbaatar; soil erosion from deforestation and overgrazing; water pollution; desertification; effects from mining

International environmental agreements — party to

Antarctic TreatyBiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change-Paris AgreementComprehensive Nuclear Test BanDesertificationEndangered SpeciesEnvironmental ModificationHazardous WastesLaw of the SeaNuclear Test BanOzone Layer ProtectionShip PollutionWetlandsWhaling

International environmental agreements — signedbut not ratified

None of the selected agreements

Climate

Desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Land use — agricultural land

69% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: arable land

Arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent crops

Permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)

Land use — agricultural land: permanent pasture

Permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.)

Land use — forest

9.1% (2023 est.)

Land use — other

21.9% (2023 est.)

Urbanization — urban population

69.1% of total population (2023)

Urbanization — rate of urbanization

1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — total emissions

19.203 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from coal and metallurgical coke

13.489 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions — from petroleum and other liquids

5.714 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

41.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Methane emissions — energy

532.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Methane emissions — agriculture

525.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Methane emissions — waste

14.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Methane emissions — other

2.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste and recycling — municipal solid waste generated annually

2.9 million tons (2024 est.)

Waste and recycling — percent of municipal solid waste recycled

13% (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — municipal

45.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — industrial

166.2 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal — agricultural

250.9 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total renewable water resources

34.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

🏛️ Government⬆️ Top

Country name — conventional long form

None

Country name — conventional short form

Mongolia

Country name — local long form

None

Country name — local short form

Mongol Uls

Country name — former

Outer MongoliaMongolian People's Republic

Country name — etymology

Name comes from the Mongol peoplewhose name derives from the Mongol root word mengu or mongumeaning "brave" or "unconquered;" the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"

Government type

Semi-presidential republic

Capital — name

Ulaanbaatar

Capital — geographic coordinates

47 55 N106 55 E

Capital — time difference

UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of WashingtonDCduring Standard Time)

Capital — daylight saving time

+1hrbegins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September

Capital — time zone note

Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)

Capital — etymology

The name means "red hero" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin SUKHBAATARleader of the partisan army thatwith Soviet helpliberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s

Administrative divisions

21 provinces (aymguudsingular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (hot); ArhangayBayanhongorBayan-OlgiyBulganDarhan-UulDornodDornogoviDundgoviDzavhan (Zavkhan)Govi-AltayGovisumberHentiyHovdHovsgolOmnogoviOrhonOvorhangaySelengeSuhbaatarTovUlaanbaatar*Uvs

Legal system

Civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Constitution — history

Several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992effective 12 February 1992

Constitution — amendment process

Proposed by the State Great Huralby the president of the republicby the governmentor by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court; conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural; passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote; passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes

International law organization participation

Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship — citizenship by birth

No

Citizenship — citizenship by descent only

Both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia

Citizenship — dual citizenship recognized

No

Citizenship — residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch — chief of state

President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021)

Executive branch — head of government

Prime Minister Gombojavyn ZANDANSHATAR (since 13 June 2025)

Executive branch — cabinet

Cabinet directly appointed by the prime minister

Executive branch — election/appointment process

Presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for one 6-year term; following legislative electionsthe State Great Hural usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister

Executive branch — most recent election date

9 June 2021

Executive branch — election results

2021: Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH elected president in first round; percent of vote - Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (MPP) 68%Dangaasuren ENKHBAT (RPEC) 20.1%Sodnomzundui ERDENE (DP) 6% 2017: Khaltmaa BATTULGA elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA (DP) 38.1%Miyegombo ENKHBOLD (MPP) 30.3%Sainkhuu GANBAATAR (MPRP) 30.2%invalid 1.4%; percent of vote in second round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA 55.2%Miyegombo ENKHBOLD 44.8%

Executive branch — expected date of next election

2027

Legislative branch — legislature name

State Great Hural (Ulsiin Ih Hural)

Legislative branch — legislative structure

Unicameral

Legislative branch — number of seats

126 (all directly elected)

Legislative branch — electoral system

Mixed system

Legislative branch — scope of elections

Full renewal

Legislative branch — term in office

4 years

Legislative branch — most recent election date

6/28/2024

Legislative branch — parties elected and seats per party

Mongolian People's Party (MPP) (68); Democratic Party (DP) (42); HUN Party (8); Other (8)

Legislative branch — percentage of women in chamber

25.4%

Legislative branch — expected date of next election

June 2028

Judicial branch — highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civilcriminaland administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of the chairman and 8 members)

Judicial branch — judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president on recommendation of the General Council of Courts -- a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials -- to the State Great Hural; appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed from nominations by the State Great Hural - 3 each by the presidentthe State Great Huraland the Supreme Court; appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term

Judicial branch — subordinate courts

Aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; souminter-soumand district courts; Administrative Cases Courts

Political parties

Democratic Party or DP Mongolian People's Party or MPP National Coalition (consists of Mongolian Green Party or MGP and the Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP) National Labor Party or HUN Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP

Diplomatic representation in the US — chief of mission

Ambassador BATBAYAR Ulziidelger (since 1 December 2021)

Diplomatic representation in the US — chancery

2833 M Street NWWashingtonDC 20007

Diplomatic representation in the US — telephone

[1] (202) 333-7117

Diplomatic representation in the US — FAX

[1] (202) 298-9227

Diplomatic representation in the US — email address and website

[email protected] http://mongolianembassy.us/

Diplomatic representation in the US — consulate(s) general

New YorkSan Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US — chief of mission

Ambassador Richard L. BUANGAN (since November 2022)

Diplomatic representation from the US — embassy

Denver Street #311th Micro-DistrictUlaanbaatar 14190

Diplomatic representation from the US — mailing address

4410 Ulaanbaatar PlaceWashington DC 20521-4410

Diplomatic representation from the US — telephone

[976] 7007-6001

Diplomatic representation from the US — FAX

[976] 7007-6174

Diplomatic representation from the US — email address and website

[email protected] https://mn.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation

ADBARFCDCICACPEBRDEITI (compliant country)FAOG-77IAEAIBRDICAOICC (NGOs)ICCtICRMIDAIFADIFCIFRCSILOIMFIMOIMSOInterpolIOCIOMIPUISOITSOITUITUCMIGAMINURSOMONUSCONAMOPCWOSCESCO (observer)UNUNAMIDUNCTADUNESCOUNIDOUNISFAUNMISSUNOOSAUNWTOUPUWCOWHOWIPOWMOWTO

Independence

29 December 1911 (independence declared from China; in actualityautonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China)

National holiday

Naadam (games) holiday11-15 July; Constitution Day26 November (1924)

Flag

Description: three equal vertical bands of red (left side)blueand red; centered on the left-side red band is the national emblem in yellowthe soyombowhich is an abstract representation of firesunmoonearthwaterand the yin-yang symbol meaning: blue stands for the skyand red for progress and prosperity

National symbol(s)

Soyombo character (from the Soyombo writing system)

National color(s)

Redblueyellow

National anthem(s) — title

"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia)

National anthem(s) — lyrics/music

Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ

National anthem(s) — history

Music adopted 1950lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions

National heritage — total World Heritage Sites

6 (4 cultural2 natural)

National heritage — selected World Heritage Site locales

Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (c); Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai (c); Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and surrounding sacred landscape (c); Landscapes of Dauria (n); Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites (c)

💹 Economy⬆️ Top

Economic overview

Lower middle-income East Asian economy; large human capital improvements over last 3 decades; agricultural and natural resource rich; export and consumption-led growth; high inflation due to supply bottlenecks and increased food and energy prices; currency depreciation

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$59.221 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$56.474 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) — Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$52.572 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2024

4.9% (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2023

7.4% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate — Real GDP growth rate 2022

5% (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2024

$16,800 (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2023

$16,200 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita — Real GDP per capita 2022

$15,300 (2022 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$23.586 billion (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

6.8% (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

10.3% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) — Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

15.1% (2022 est.)

GDP - compositionby sector of origin — agriculture

7.4% (2024 est.)

GDP - compositionby sector of origin — industry

38.1% (2024 est.)

GDP - compositionby sector of origin — services

44.2% (2024 est.)

GDP - compositionby end use — household consumption

49.8% (2024 est.)

GDP - compositionby end use — government consumption

16.3% (2024 est.)

GDP - compositionby end use — investment in fixed capital

26.8% (2024 est.)

GDP - compositionby end use — investment in inventories

7.8% (2024 est.)

GDP - compositionby end use — exports of goods and services

69.1% (2024 est.)

GDP - compositionby end use — imports of goods and services

-69.8% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products

Milkwheatlamb/muttonpotatoesbeefcarrots/turnipsgoat milkgoat meatbison milkhorse meat (2023)

Industries

Construction and construction materials; mining (coalcoppermolybdenumfluorspartintungstengold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal productscashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Industrial production growth rate

6.5% (2024 est.)

Labor force

1.449 million (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2024

5.5% (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2023

5.6% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate — Unemployment rate 2022

6.3% (2022 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — total

13.8% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — male

15.9% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) — female

10.8% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

27.1% (2022 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income — Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

31.4 (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share — lowest 10%

3.4% (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share — highest 10%

24.6% (2022 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2023

2.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2022

2.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances — Remittances 2021

3.1% of GDP (2021 est.)

Budget — revenues

$4.721 billion (2021 est.)

Budget — expenditures

$5.623 billion (2021 est.)

Public debt — Public debt 2021

67.6% of GDP (2021 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

16.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2023

$121.266 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2022

-$2.303 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance — Current account balance 2021

-$2.108 billion (2021 est.)

Exports — Exports 2023

$15.501 billion (2023 est.)

Exports — Exports 2022

$10.989 billion (2022 est.)

Exports — Exports 2021

$8.95 billion (2021 est.)

Exports - partners

China 92%Switzerland 6%Italy 1%Thailand 0%Japan 0% (2023)

Exports - commodities

Coalcopper oregoldiron orecrude petroleum (2023)

Imports — Imports 2023

$13.545 billion (2023 est.)

Imports — Imports 2022

$12.112 billion (2022 est.)

Imports — Imports 2021

$9.256 billion (2021 est.)

Imports - partners

China 57%Japan 13%Germany 3%Singapore 3%USA 3% (2023)

Imports - commodities

Carstruckstrailerstractorsconstruction vehicles (2023)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$5.508 billion (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$4.916 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold — Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$3.398 billion (2022 est.)

Debt - external — Debt - external 2023

$8.379 billion (2023 est.)

Exchange rates — Currency

Togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar -

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2024

3,389.982 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2023

3,465.737 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2022

3,140.678 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2021

2,849.289 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates — Exchange rates 2020

2,813.29 (2020 est.)

⚡ Energy⬆️ Top

Electricity access — electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity — installed generating capacity

1.51 million kW (2023 est.)

Electricity — consumption

8.997 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — exports

24 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — imports

2.224 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity — transmission/distribution losses

1.113 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — fossil fuels

90.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — solar

2.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — wind

6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources — hydroelectricity

0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal — production

64.824 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — consumption

8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — exports

55.884 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — imports

900 metric tons (2023 est.)

Coal — proven reserves

2.52 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum — total petroleum production

15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Petroleum — refined petroleum consumption

39,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita — Total energy consumption per capita 2023

67.132 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

📡 Communications⬆️ Top

Telephones - fixed lines — total subscriptions

524,000 (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

15 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular — total subscriptions

4.84 million (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

142 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media

State-run radio and TV provider is now a public-service provider; also available are 68 radio and 160 TV stationsincluding multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)

Internet country code

.mn

Internet users — percent of population

83% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions — total

499,000 (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions — subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

15 (2023 est.)

🚚 Transportation⬆️ Top

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

JU

Airports

37 (2025)

Railways — total

1,815 km (2017)

Railways — broad gauge

1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge

Merchant marine — total

318 (2023)

Merchant marine — by type

Bulk carrier 8container ship 8general cargo 151oil tanker 58other 93

🛡️ Military and Security⬆️ Top

Military and security forces

Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): Land ForceAir ForceCyber Security ForcesSpecial ForcesConstruction-Engineering Forces (2025)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2024

0.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2023

0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2022

0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2021

0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military expenditures — Military Expenditures 2020

0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

Information varies; estimated 10-20,000 active Mongolian Armed Forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

The MAF's inventory is comprised largely of Soviet-era and secondhand Russian equipment (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; initial service 24 months; compulsory service for men at 18; service obligation is 12 months in the military or policewhich can be extended to 15 months under special circumstances; compulsory service can be exchanged for a 24‐month stint in the civil service or a cash payment determined by the Mongolian Government; after conscriptionsoldiers can contract into military service for up to 4 years (2025)

Military deployments

850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2025)

Military - note

The Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) are responsible for ensuring the country's independencesecurityand territorial integrityas well as supporting Mongolia's developmental goals and diplomacy; it has a range of missionsincluding counterterrorisminternational peacekeeping dutiesand assisting the internal security forces in providing emergency aid and disaster relief; Mongolia hosts an annual international peacekeeping exercise known as “Khaan Quest”; it has no formal military alliancesbut has defense ties and conducts training exercises with several regional countries and otherssuch as ChinaIndiaRussiaand the US Mongolia actively cooperates with NATO on issues such as counterterrorismnonproliferationand cybersecurity through an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Program; it supported the NATO-led Kosovo Force from 2005-2007 and contributed troops to the NATO-led missions in Afghanistan from 2009-2021; Mongolia also is an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2025)

🌐 Transnational Issues⬆️ Top

Refugees and internally displaced persons — refugees

26 (2024 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons — IDPs

22 (2024 est.)

Refugees and internally displaced persons — stateless persons

17 (2024 est.)