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Geochemistry of sediments from the Mugheb RiverBamendaCameroon Volcanic Line: implications for provenancepaleoweathering and tectonic setting

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Abstract

Sediment samples from the Mugheb River in Bamenda were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry to determine their majortraceand rare earth element contentsso as to ascertain their provenancepaleoweatheringand tectonic setting. The enrichment of Fe2O3 suggests these are derived from hematization of basaltic rocks. Significant SiO2 content recalculated to an anhydrous basis and adjusted to 100% (SiO2(adj)) indicates the abundance of quartz and kaolinite in sediment samples. Enrichment of transition elements relative to the reference values indicates mafic source rocks. The rare earth element patterns indicate negative Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0.54–0.82) and positive Ce (Ce/Ce* ~ = 1.04–1.67) anomaliessuggesting that they were derived by fractionated mafic rocks andto a little extentby fractionated felsic rocks. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) and plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) indicate intense weathering in the source area in a hot humid climate reflected by the removal of labile cations relative to stable residual constituentswhich corroborate with the climate of the Cameroon. The ratios of SiO2(adj)/Al2O3K2O/Al2O3and K2O/Na2O and the index of compositional variability (ICVn) indicate compositionally mature sediments in which sediment samples experienced recycling and noticeable effect of sorting and reworking. The river sediments are deposited in oxic conditions within the riverine environment. The sediments were sourced dominantly from mafic and little contributions from felsic sourcesand represent mature recycled detritus. Tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest that Mugheb River sediments were derived from rock typeswhich represent a passive continental marginwhich is consistent with several tectonic history models of the Cameroon Volcanic Line and the Pan-African fold belt.

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Data obtained during and/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to Prof. Kouankap Nono Gus Djibril and Joan Anyikeng Nkemasong for the geochemical analyses. We are grateful to the editor and anonymous reviewers for numerous helpful comments which enabled us to improve our presentation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of GeologyHigher Teachers Training College BambiliThe University of BamendaP.O. Box 039BamendaNorth West RegionCameroon

    Kouankap Nono Gus Djibril

  2. Department of GeologyMining and Environmental ScienceThe University of BamendaP.O. Box 039BamendaNorth West RegionCameroon

    Lemnyuy Prosper Yiika

  3. Department of GeologyUniversity of BueaSouth West RegionP.O. Box 063BueaCameroon

    Mary Ewokoko Molua Mbua Etutu, Bokanda Ekoko Eric, Emmanuel Eseya Mengu & Ndema Mbongué Jean-Lavenir

  4. Department of Earth ScienceFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon

    Ndema Mbongué Jean-Lavenir

  5. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y LimnologíaProcesos Oceánicos y CosterosUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCircuito Exterior S/N04510MexicoMexico

    John S. Armstrong-Altrin

Authors
  1. Kouankap Nono Gus Djibril
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  2. Lemnyuy Prosper Yiika
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  3. Mary Ewokoko Molua Mbua Etutu
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  4. Bokanda Ekoko Eric
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  5. Emmanuel Eseya Mengu
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  6. Ndema Mbongué Jean-Lavenir
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  7. John S. Armstrong-Altrin
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Contributions

Kouankap Nono Gus Djibril: conceptualizationresourcesmethodologyproject administrationfunding acquisitionvisualizationsupervisionwriting and preparation of original draftwriting—review and editingand validation. Lemnyuy Prosper Yiika: investigationsample collectionformal analysissoftwareand writing—review and editing. Emmanuel Eseya Mengu: formal analysis and software. John S. Armstrong-Altrin: conceptualizationresourcesmethodologyvisualizationand validation. Mary Ewokoko Molua Mbua Etutu: methodologyvisualizationand validation. Ndema Mbongué Jean-Lavenir: conceptualizationresourcesformal analysisvalidationand software. Bokanda Ekoko Eric: conceptualizationresourcesformal analysisand validation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lemnyuy Prosper Yiika.

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DjibrilK.N.G.YiikaL.P.EtutuM.E.M.M. et al. Geochemistry of sediments from the Mugheb RiverBamendaCameroon Volcanic Line: implications for provenancepaleoweathering and tectonic setting. Arab J Geosci 17331 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-024-12148-3

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