Overview

Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin found in foods such as meatfishand dairy. It can also be made in a lab and is often taken with other B vitamins.

Vitamin B12 is required for the function and development of many parts of the bodyincluding the brainnervesand blood cells. Methylcobalamin is the active form of vitamin B12. Cyanocobalaminwhich must be processed by the body into the active formis the most common type used in supplements.

People commonly use vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiencycyanide poisoningand high levels of homocysteine in the blood. It is also used for canker sorescataractsAlzheimer diseaseosteoporosisfatigueand many other conditionsbut there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these other uses.

Uses & Effectiveness

Effective for

  • A rare inherited condition marked by vitamin B12 deficiency (Imerslund-Grasbeck disease). Injecting vitamin B12 as a shot for 10 days followed by monthly injections is effective for treating this condition. Vitamin B12 shots can only be given by a healthcare provider.
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency. Taking vitamin B12 by mouthas a shotor inhaling through the nose can treat and prevent vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 shots can only be given by a healthcare provider.

Likely Effective for

  • Cyanide poisoning. Administering hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit)a natural form of vitamin B12as a shot is likely effective for treating cyanide poisoning. It has been approved by the US FDA for this use. Vitamin B12 shots can only be given by a healthcare provider.

Possibly Effective for

  • Canker sores. Applying an ointment containing vitamin B12 or taking vitamin B12 under the tongue seems to help reduce canker sore symptoms.
  • High levels of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia). Taking vitamin B12 by mouthalong with folic acid and sometimes pyridoxine (vitamin B6)can lower blood levels of homocysteine.
  • Nerve pain caused by shingles (postherpetic neuralgia). Injecting vitamin B12 in the form of methylcobalamin under the skin six times weekly for up to 4 weeks reduces pain in people with nerve damage from shingles. Vitamin B12 injections can only be given by a healthcare provider.

Possibly Ineffective for

  • Decline in memory and thinking skills that occurs normally with age. Taking vitamin B12 by mouthalone or with folic acid and vitamin B6doesn't seem to improve mental function in elderly people.
  • Alzheimer disease. Taking vitamin B12 by mouthalone or with folic acid and vitamin B6doesn't seem to improve mental function in people with Alzheimer disease.
  • Cataracts. Taking vitamin B12 by mouth along with vitamin B6 and folic acid doesn't seem to prevent cataracts in females. It might even increase the risk of needing to have cataracts removed.
  • Disorders that affect when a person sleeps and when they are awake. Taking vitamin B12 by mouth does not seem to help people with sleep disorders.
  • Decline in memory and thinking skills in older people that is more than what is normal for their age. Taking vitamin B12 by mouthalone or with folic acid and vitamin B6doesn't seem to improve memory and thinking skills in elderly people who have a decline in these skills.
  • Fall prevention. Taking folic acid with vitamin B12 by mouth doesn't seem to prevent falls in older people also taking vitamin D.
  • Weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis). Taking vitamin B12 and folic acid by mouthwith or without vitamin B6doesn't seem to reduce fractures in older people with osteoporosis.
  • Physical performance in elderly adults. Taking vitamin B12 and folic acid by mouth doesn't seem to help improve physical function in older people.

There is interest in using vitamin B12 for a number of other purposesbut there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Vitamin B12 is likely safe for most people. Vitamin B12 is considered safe even in large doses.

When applied to the skin: Vitamin B12 is likely safe for most people when used appropriately.

When sprayed into the nose: Vitamin B12 is likely safe for most people. Vitamin B12 is considered safe even in large doses.

Special Precautions and Warnings

When taken by mouth: Vitamin B12 is likely safe for most people. Vitamin B12 is considered safe even in large doses.

When applied to the skin: Vitamin B12 is likely safe for most people when used appropriately.

When sprayed into the nose: Vitamin B12 is likely safe for most people. Vitamin B12 is considered safe even in large doses.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Vitamin B12 is likely safe when taken by mouth during pregnancy or breast-feeding in the amounts recommended. The recommended amount for pregnancy is 2.6 mcg per day. Those breast-feeding should take 2.8 mcg per day. The safety of larger amounts is unknown.

Post-surgical stent placement: Avoid using a combination of vitamin B12folateand vitamin B6 after receiving a coronary stent. This combination may increase the risk of blood vessel narrowing.

Allergy or sensitivity to cobalt or cobalamin: Do not use vitamin B12 if you have this condition.

Interactions

We currently have no information for Vitamin B12 overview.

Dosing

Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient. Fishshellfishmeateggsand dairy products are good sources of vitamin B12. The amount that should be consumed on a daily basis is called the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The RDA is 2.4 mcg daily for people 18 years and older. While pregnantthe RDA is 2.6 mcg daily. While breastfeedingthe RDA is 2.8 mcg daily. In childrenthe RDA depends on age.

People over 50 years of age are advised to eat foods fortified with vitamin B12 or to take a vitamin B12 supplement. 25-100 mcg daily has been taken by mouth to maintain vitamin B12 levels in older adults. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what dose might be best for a specific condition.
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